Podophyllum hexandrum is an important high altitude medicinal plant from Himalaya. Somatic chromosomes of this species were studied to delineate and physical mapping of repetitive rDNA sites to provide landmarks in chromosome identification. The karyotype formula of this species was found to be 6m + 2sm + 2st + 2t with secondary constriction in the chromosome 1 and 7. The FISH analysis of rDNA sites showed 4 sites for 18S rDNA and 2 sites for 5S rDNA. The chromosome number 1, 2, 5 and 6 can be identified based on 18S rDNA sites in their short arm and chromosome 1 and 2 can be identified by 5S rDNA site in the centromere region. The estimated genome size of this plant is 16.07 pg (1C). 相似文献
Comprehensively sampled phylogenetic trees provide the most compelling foundations for strong inferences in comparative evolutionary biology. Mismatches are common, however, between the taxa for which comparative data are available and the taxa sampled by published phylogenetic analyses. Moreover, many published phylogenies are gene trees, which cannot always be adapted immediately for species level comparisons because of discordance, gene duplication, and other confounding biological processes. A new database, STBase, lets comparative biologists quickly retrieve species level phylogenetic hypotheses in response to a query list of species names. The database consists of 1 million single- and multi-locus data sets, each with a confidence set of 1000 putative species trees, computed from GenBank sequence data for 413,000 eukaryotic taxa. Two bodies of theoretical work are leveraged to aid in the assembly of multi-locus concatenated data sets for species tree construction. First, multiply labeled gene trees are pruned to conflict-free singly-labeled species-level trees that can be combined between loci. Second, impacts of missing data in multi-locus data sets are ameliorated by assembling only decisive data sets. Data sets overlapping with the user’s query are ranked using a scheme that depends on user-provided weights for tree quality and for taxonomic overlap of the tree with the query. Retrieval times are independent of the size of the database, typically a few seconds. Tree quality is assessed by a real-time evaluation of bootstrap support on just the overlapping subtree. Associated sequence alignments, tree files and metadata can be downloaded for subsequent analysis. STBase provides a tool for comparative biologists interested in exploiting the most relevant sequence data available for the taxa of interest. It may also serve as a prototype for future species tree oriented databases and as a resource for assembly of larger species phylogenies from precomputed trees. 相似文献
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are abnormalities in the heart structure present at birth. One important condition is hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) where severely underdeveloped left ventricle (LV) cannot support systemic circulation. HLHS usually initiates as localized tissue malformations with no underlying genetic cause, suggesting that disturbed hemodynamics contribute to the embryonic development of these defects. Left atrial ligation (LAL) is a surgical procedure on embryonic chick resulting in a phenotype resembling clinical HLHS. In this study, we investigated disturbed hemodynamics and deteriorated cardiac growth following LAL to investigate possible mechanobiological mechanisms for the embryonic development of HLHS. We integrated techniques such as echocardiography, micro-CT and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for these analyses. Specifically, LAL procedure causes an immediate flow disturbance over atrioventricular (AV) cushions. At later stages after the heart septation, it causes hemodynamic disturbances in LV. As a consequence of the LAL procedure, the left-AV canal and LV volume decrease in size, and in the opposite way, the right-AV canal and right ventricle volume increase. According to our CFD analysis, LAL results in an immediate decrease in the left AV canal WSS levels for 3.5-day (HH21) pre-septated hearts. For 7-day post-septated hearts (HH30), LAL leads to further reduction in WSS levels in the left AV canal, and relatively increased WSS levels in the right AV canal. This study demonstrates the critical importance of the disturbed hemodynamics during the heart valve and ventricle development.
Scopolamine, an anticholinergic drug, is reported to produce amnesia by interference of long term potentiation and has been
used for discerning the efficacy of various antiamnesic drugs. The intoxication with anticholinergics and benzodiazepines
tend to produce neurodegeneration which cause memory deficits. Our earlier reports have shown the antiamnesic drug, B. monniera to be capable of alleviating diazepam induced memory deficits. We have now tested how scopolamine affects downstream signaling
molecules of long term potentiation and if B. monniera can also modulate the scopolamine induced amnesia. We used Morris water maze scale to test the amnesic effect of scopolamine
and its reversal by B. monniera. Rota-rod test was used to screen muscle coordination activity of mice before water maze investigations were carried out.
The results showed that scopolamine downregulated protein kinase C and iNOS without affecting cAMP, protein kinase A, calmodulin,
MAP kinase, nitrite, CREB and pCREB. B. monniera reversed the scopolamine induced amnesia by significantly improving calmodulin and by partially attenuating protein kinase
C and pCREB. These observations suggest involvement of calmodulin in evoking antiamnesic effects of B. monniera. 相似文献
CC chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3) is involved in angiogenic processes. Recently, CCR3 was accounted to participate in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and CCR3 targeting was reported to be superior to standard antivascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) administration when tested in an artificially induced CNV in animals. As human CCR3 studies are lacking in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients we sought to determine if CCR3 has any association with inflammatory processes that occur in CNV. A total of 176 subjects were included on the basis of inclusion criteria. Real time PCR was used to analyze the single nucleotide polymorphism in CCR3 of AMD (115) and normal controls (n = 61). Genotype frequency was adjusted for possible confounders like cigarette smoking, alcohol, meat consumption and other risk factors. Chi-square test was used for analysis of polymorphism. The genotype distribution of CCR3 (rs3091250) polymorphism was significantly different in AMD patients in the Indian population. GT (heterozygous) and TT (homozygous) at the rs3091250 SNP increased risk of AMD as compared to the GG genotypes (OR = 4.8, CI 95% = 2.2–10.8 and OR = 4.1, CI 95% = 1.6–10.1 respectively). Subgroup analysis of AMD patients in wet and dry revealed no significant differences. There was no significant difference for rs3091312 in AMD and control group. A significant association between AMD and CCR3 (rs3091250) polymorphism localized on chromosome 3p21.3 was detected. The results suggest the possible contribution of rs3091250, a new predisposing allele in AMD. 相似文献
The SPRY domain is a protein interaction module found in 77 murine and ~100 human proteins, and is implicated in important biological pathways, including those that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. The current definition of the SPRY domain is based on a sequence repeat discovered in the sp lA kinase and ry anodine receptors. The greater SPRY family is divided into the B30.2 (which contains a PRY extension at the N‐terminus) and “SPRY‐only” sub‐families. In this brief review, we examine the current structural and biochemical literature on SPRY/B30.2 domain involvement in key immune processes and highlight a PRY‐like 60 amino acid region in the N‐terminus of “SPRY‐only” proteins. Phylogenetic, structural, and functional analyses suggest that this N‐terminal region is related to the PRY region of B30.2 and should be characterized as part of an extended SPRY domain. Greater understanding of the functional importance of the N‐terminal region in “SPRY only” proteins will enhance our ability to interrogate SPRY interactions with their respective binding partners. 相似文献